The Supreme Court has reaffirmed a longstanding principle of American constitutional law: the Bill of Rights originally applied only to the federal government and did not limit state authority. The First Amendment states, "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances." This language did not restrict state governments, which could enact laws curbing these rights unless their own constitutions provided otherwise.

This changed with the ratification of the 14th Amendment in 1868. Jacob Howard (R-Mich.), who introduced the amendment in the Senate in 1866, explained that the Constitution's "mass of privileges, immunities, and rights" did not originally restrain state legislation. He stated, "the great object of the first section of this [14th] amendment is, therefore, to restrict the power of the States and compel them at all times to respect these great fundamental guarantees."

James Madison, on June 8, 1789, announced the proposed constitutional amendments that became the Bill of Rights. He argued that these rights needed protection not only from the federal government but also from state governments, saying, "Because it must be admitted, on all hands, that the state governments are as liable to attack these invaluable privileges as the general [national] government is, and therefore ought to be as cautiously guarded against."

An example of state-level restrictions occurred in 1831 when the Georgia legislature authorized a $5,000 bounty to be paid by the Governor to anyone who arrested and prosecuted to conviction the editor or publisher of "the Liberator," or anyone circulating the paper in Georgia.

Thus, Madison sought greater limits on states' rights to ensure fundamental freedoms were uniformly protected across the United States.

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