Source snapshotPublisher wording captured Jul 21, 2026, 11:10 PM
5,098 normalized characters retained in this legacy snapshot; capture completeness was not recorded. Public display is limited to an excerpt.
Indiana (2019), the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that the Excessive Fines Clause of the Eighth Amendment is incorporated against state governments.
It also ruled that asset forfeitures - confiscation of property that may have been used to facilitate commission of a crime - qualify as fines.
But it gave little guidance on what exactly qualifies as "excessive." This lack of clarity stimulated all sorts of uncertainty and disagreement in lower state and federal courts.
Jouppi is an Alaska "bush pilot," flying passengers to remote areas.
BOLD.news retains normalized extraction for time-stamped evidence and analysis. This public wrapper shows a limited excerpt because availability is not a republication license; use the publisher link for the complete presentation.